Today's Topic is Paralysis Paralysis is a condition in which a person experiences a loss of muscle function in part or all of their body. It can be caused by damage to the brain, spinal cord, or nerves. Paralysis can be temporary or permanent, partial or complete, and can affect different parts of the body.

There are several types of paralysis, including:

1.Monoplegia: paralysis of one limb

2.Hemiplegia: paralysis of one side of the body

3.Paraplegia: paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body

4.Tetraplegia (formerly known as quadriplegia)

: paralysis of all four limbs and the torso Paralysis can be caused by a variety of conditions, including stroke, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, and traumatic brain injury. Treatment options for paralysis depend on the cause and extent of the condition, and may include physical therapy, medications, surgery, and assistive devices such as wheelchairs. Rehabilitation programs can also help people with paralysis learn to adapt to their condition and regain as much function as possible. if you are facing this type of problem you can contact given number and get full treatment

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Today's Topic is Back Pain 

Overview One of the most common reasons people seek medical attention or miss work is back pain. Worldwide, back pain is the leading cause of disability.

Fortunately, most episodes of back pain can be avoided or alleviated with the help of measures, particularly for individuals under the age of 60. The back will heal within a few weeks with simple home treatment and frequent correct body use if prevention fails. Back pain is rarely treated with surgery.
The symptoms of back pain can range from a shooting, burning, or stabbing sensation to muscle aches. Additionally, the pain may spread down a leg. It can get worse by bending, twisting, lifting, standing, or walking.

When to see a doctor The majority of back pain will gradually go away with self-care and treatment at home, usually within a few weeks. If you are experiencing pain in your back that:

lingers for more than a few weeks; is severe and does not improve with rest; spreads down one or both legs, especially if the pain is below the knee; causes weakness, numbness, or tingling in one or both legs; and is associated with weight loss that is not explained. Back pain can occasionally indicate a serious medical condition. If you are experiencing back pain that:

aggravates existing issues with the bowel or bladder; is accompanied by fever; and is the result of an injury such as a fall, blow to the back, or another type of injury. Back muscles and spinal ligaments can be strained by repeated heavy lifting or by sudden awkward movements. Muscle spasms can be painful for those in poor physical condition when the back is put under constant strain.
Protruding or cracked plates. Between the spine's bones, disks play the role of cushions. A disk's soft material has the potential to rupture and press on a nerve. However, back pain may not be caused by a bulging or ruptured disk. Spine X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs taken for another reason frequently reveal disk disease.
Arthritis. The lower back can be affected by osteoarthritis. Spinal stenosis is a condition in which the space around the spinal cord narrows as a result of spine arthritis in some cases.
Osteoporosis. If the bones in the spine become porous and brittle, painful breaks can occur between the vertebrae.
Risk factors
Anybody can foster back torment, even kids and teenagers. Risk factors for back pain include the following:

Age. Beginning around the age of 30 or 40, back pain becomes more prevalent with age.
Inability to exercise. Back pain may be caused by inactive or weak abdominal and back muscles.
a lot of weight. The back is put under more stress when someone is overweight.
Diseases. Back pain can be brought on by cancer and some forms of arthritis.
Lifting without care. Utilizing the back rather than the legs can prompt back torment.
Psychological circumstances Back pain appears to be more common in depressed and anxious people. Back pain can be exacerbated by muscle tension caused by stress.
Smoking. Smokers have expanded paces of back torment. Smoking can cause coughing, which can result in herniated disks, which could explain this. Smoking can likewise diminish blood stream to the spine and increment the gamble of osteoporosis.
Back pain can be avoided by improving one's physical condition and learning and practicing proper body mechanics.

To keep the back strong and healthy:

Exercise. The back's strength and endurance can be increased through regular low-impact aerobic activities that don't strain or jolt the muscles. Swimming, biking, and walking are all good options. Discuss potential activities with your healthcare provider.
Strengthen and flex your muscles. Core-strengthening abdominal and back muscle exercises help condition these muscles so that they can support the back together.
Keep a healthy body weight. Overweight puts strain on the back muscles.
Give up smoking. Smoking raises the risk of back pain in the low back. Since the risk goes up with the number of cigarettes smoked each day, quitting smoking should help lower this risk.
Avoid actions that cause the back to twist or strain. To properly use the body:

Keep your cool. Don't back down. Keep your pelvis in a neutral position. Place one foot on a low footstool when standing for a long time to alleviate some of the strain on the lower back. Change your feet. The muscles in the back can be less stressed with good posture.
Smartly sit. Pick a seat with armrests, a swivel base, and adequate support for your lower back. It is possible to maintain the normal curve of the back by placing a pillow or rolled towel there. Keep your hips and knees level. Alternate positions on a regular basis, at least every half-hour.
Lift safely. If you can, don't lift a lot of weight. Utilize your legs to lift heavy objects if you must. Bend only at the knees and keep your back straight. The load should be held close to your body. If the item is heavy or awkward to lift, find a partner.

Today]s Topic is Neck Pain

An overview: Neck pain is prevalent. Neck muscle strain is caused by poor posture, whether from leaning over a computer or hunching over a workbench. Additionally, osteoarthritis is a frequent cause of neck pain.
Neck pain can occasionally be a sign of a more serious issue. If you have pain in your neck that radiates down an arm or into a shoulder or causes numbness or loss of strength in the arms or hands, you should see a doctor.
The signs and symptoms include:
When to see a doctor: If you have severe neck pain as a result of an injury such as a car accident, diving accident, or fall, you should see a doctor right away. Pain that often gets worse when the head is held still for long periods of time, like when driving or working at a computer. Tightness and spasms in the muscles. A decreased ability to move the head.
If you're having neck pain, see a doctor:
Is severe Persists for several days without relief Spreads down the arms or legs Comes with a headache, numbness, weakness, or tingling Causes The neck supports the weight of the head, so it can be susceptible to injuries and conditions that limit movement and cause pain. Neck torment causes include:
Muscle strains Muscle strains are frequently brought on by overuse, such as spending an excessive amount of time hunched over a smartphone or computer. Even simple activities, like reading in bed, can put strain on the neck muscles.
joint pain. The neck joints, like those in other parts of the body, wear out over time. The body often develops bone spurs as a result of this wear and tear, which can hinder joint movement and cause pain.
compression of nerves. Nerves that come from the spinal cord can be pressed on by herniated disks or bone spurs in the neck's vertebrae.
Injuries. Whiplash injuries are frequently the result of rear-end collisions. This happens when the head jerks back and forth, straining the neck's soft tissues.
Diseases. Certain illnesses, like rheumatoid joint inflammation, meningitis or malignant growth, can cause neck torment.
Prevention The majority of neck pain is caused by poor posture and aging-related wear and tear. Keep your head centered over your spine to help prevent neck pain. It might help to make small adjustments to your daily routine. Think about trying to:
Keep a straight back. When sitting or standing, ensure that your ears are directly above your shoulders and that your shoulders are in a straight line over your hips. Instead of bending your neck to look down at your phone, tablet, or other device with a small screen, keep your head up and hold the device straight out.
Take breaks frequently. Get up, move around, and stretch your neck and shoulders if you travel a lot or work at a computer for a long time.
Place your computer, chair, and desk in such a way that the monitor is at eye level. Hips ought to be a little lower than knees. Use the armrests of your chair.
Stop smoking if you do. Smoking can make it more likely that you'll get neck pain.
Do not carry bulky bags with straps that hang over your shoulder. Your neck may be strained by the weight.
Sleep in an appropriate position. Your body and head should be in line with one another. Under your neck, place a small pillow. You can flatten your spinal muscles by sleeping on your back with your thighs elevated on pillows.
Keep moving. Increase your level of activity if you rarely move.

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Today's Topic is Lack of sleep/ concentration

What Happens to Your Mind When You Don't Get Enough Sleep Do you frequently forget things you're sure you know? Is it hard to focus on difficult assignments? Do you sleep fewer than six hours each night?
If this is the case, you probably don't sleep enough. That is correct; Sleep deprivation can make it hard to think clearly and keep your emotions in check. Excessive drowsiness has been linked, according to research, to a variety of mental health issues, including anger and depression, a breakdown in relationships, and a decline in productivity at work.
Why don't people value sleep?
The majority of people who don't get enough sleep don't realize how bad it is for their mental and cognitive health. Sleep is frequently viewed as merely a luxury—a brief period of relaxation. They are aware that not getting enough sleep makes them feel worse and makes them feel better. However, sleep actually enhances insight, memory, and learning. According to Barry Krakow, MD, who is the medical director of Maimonides Sleep Arts and Sciences, Ltd. in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and the author of Sound Sleep, Sound Mind: Seven Tips for Getting a Good Night's Sleep. The body is literally repairing and restoring itself at the cellular level. Physically and mentally, you can't do what you want without it. Additionally, catching up on sleep is a more difficult task than many people are aware. For instance, if you get less than six hours of sleep every night for a week, you will accumulate a full night's sleep debt, which is too much to make up for with a few extra hours of sleep on the weekends.
The Effects of Constant Sleepiness People who don't get enough sleep frequently describe feeling "foggy." Three reasons exist.
1. Your ability to think clearly is slowed down by being tired. Scientists who measure sleepiness have found that getting less sleep makes people less alert and able to concentrate. You're more likely to get lost because it's harder to concentrate and pay attention. Because of this, you won't be able to complete tasks that call for complex thought or logical reasoning. Additionally, fatigue impairs judgment. Because you can't assess situations as well and choose the right behavior, it's harder to make decisions.
2. Memory is impaired by excessive sleepiness. Sleep appears to strengthen the nerve connections that make up our memories, according to research. According to Avelino Verceles, MD, assistant professor at the University of Maryland School of Medicine and director of the school's sleep medicine fellowship, "sleep stores in our short-term memory what we learned and experienced during the day." It appears that new information is consolidated into memories differently during different stages of sleep. These cycles are disrupted if your sleep is cut short or disturbed.
You might frequently forget and misplace things when you're tired. Also, the powerlessness to concentration and concentrate brought about by languor further debilitates memory. " According to Allison T. Siebern, PhD, a Fellow in the Insomnia and Behavioral Sleep Medicine Program at the Stanford University Sleep Medicine Center, "if you’re not able to concentrate on what is at hand, it will not make it into your short-term memory and then into your long-term memory."
3. Learning is difficult when you don't sleep well. There are two ways that sleep deprivation affects your ability to learn. You won't be able to learn as quickly because you won't be able to concentrate as well. It also has an impact on memory, which is necessary for learning. Sleep deprivation can impede learning and lead to hyperactivity in children. Youngsters might lose the concentration, perseverance, and memory ability to perform well in school.
The Greatest Risk of Drowsiness: Slowed Reaction Time When you're tired, your reaction time slows down, which is especially bad when you're driving, working, or doing other things that need you to think quickly. Drowsiness alone can be just as dangerous as driving while intoxicated, so you don't have to fall asleep behind the wheel to be dangerous. Driving while drowsy is equivalent to driving with a blood alcohol content of.08 percent, which is above the limit set by many states. Additionally, sleep deprivation amplifies the effects of alcohol, making drinking and driving dangerous together.
Teens and young adults, particularly men, are at greatest risk for fatigue-related auto accidents. People with untreated sleep disorders like sleep apnea and narcolepsy and shift workers who work long or irregular hours are also at risk.
In addition, a slower reaction time can put lives in danger. Researchers from the University of Texas at Austin conducted a 2009 study with cadets at the United States Military Academy at West Point and discovered that sleep deprivation hindered information integration. This is a mental function that relies heavily on decisions made in a split second. According to the findings, this may be of particular concern to firefighters, police officers, soldiers, and other individuals who frequently suffer from sleep deprivation while working.

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Joints are the parts of your body where your bones meet. Joints allow the bones of your skeleton to move. Joints include:

• shoulders
• hips
• elbows
• knees

Joint pain refers to discomfort, aches, and soreness in any of the body’s joints. Joint pain is a common complaint. It doesn’t typically require a hospital visit.

Sometimes, joint pain is the result of an illness or injury. Arthritis is also a common cause of joint pain. However, it can also be due to other conditions or factors.

What causes joint pain?

Arthritis

One of the most common causes of joint pain is arthritis. The two main forms of arthritis are osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

According to the American College of Rheumatology, OA is most common in adults over age 40. It progresses slowly and tends to affect commonly used joints like the:

• wrists
• hands
• hips
• knees

Joint pain due to OA results from a breakdown of the cartilage that serves as a cushion and shock absorber for the joints.

The second form of arthritis is RA. According to the Arthritis Foundation, RA affects about 1.5 million Americans. It more commonly affects women than men.

It can deform and debilitate the joints over time. RA causes pain, inflammation, and fluid buildup in the joints as the body’s immune system attacks the membrane that lines the joints.

Other causes

Joint pain can be caused by:

• bursitis, or inflammation of the cushioning pads around joints
• lupus
• gout
• certain infectious diseases, such as mumps, influenza, and hepatitis
• chondromalacia of the patella, or a breakdown of the cartilage in the kneecap
• an injury
• tendinitis, or inflammation of the tendon
• an infection of the bone or joint
• overuse of a joint
• cancer
• fibromyalgia
• osteoporosis
• sarcoidosis
• rickets

What are the symptoms of joint pain?

In some cases, your joint pain will require you to see a doctor. You should make an appointment if you don’t know the cause of your joint pain and are experiencing other unexplained symptoms.

You should also see a doctor if:

• the area around the joint is swollen, red, tender, or warm to the touch
• the pain persists for three days or more
• you have a fever but no other signs of the flu

Go to the emergency room if any of the following occurs:

• You’ve experienced a serious injury.
• The joint appears deformed.
• Swelling of the joint occurs suddenly.
• The joint is completely immobile.
• You have severe joint pain.

You can book an appointment with a primary care doctor in your area using our Healthline FindCare tool.

How is joint pain diagnosed?

Your doctor will probably perform a physical exam. They’ll also ask you a series of questions about your joint pain. This may help to narrow down the potential causes.

A joint X-ray may be necessary to identify arthritis-related joint damage.

If your doctor suspects there’s another cause, they may order a blood test to screen for certain autoimmune disorders. They may also request a sedimentation rate test to measure the level of inflammation in the body or a complete blood count.

How is joint pain Treated ?

Home treatment

Doctors consider both OA and RA to be chronic conditions. There’s no treatment currently available that will completely eliminate the joint pain associated with arthritis or keep it from returning. However, there are ways to manage the pain:

• It may help to use topical pain relievers or take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce pain, swelling, and inflammation.
• Stay physically active and follow a fitness program focusing on moderate exercise.
• Stretch before exercising to maintain a good range of motion in your joints.
• Keep your body weight within a healthy range. This will lessen stress on the joints.
• If your pain isn’t due to arthritis, you can try taking a nonprescription, anti-inflammatory drug, getting a massage, taking a warm bath, stretching frequently, and getting adequate rest.

Medical treatment

Your treatment options will depend on the cause of the pain. In some cases, your doctor will need to draw out accumulated fluid in the joint area to test for infection or gout or other causes of the joint pain. They might also recommend surgery to replace the joint.

Other nonsurgical treatment methods could include lifestyle changes or medications that can potentially cause your RA to go into remission. In the case of RA, your doctor will first address inflammation. Once the RA goes into remission, your medical treatment will focus on keeping a tight rein on your condition so that you avoid flare-ups.

What is the outlook for pepole with joint pain?

Joint pain is often a result of the damage that occurs through normal wear and tear. However, it can also be a sign of an infection or potentially debilitating RA.

You should see your doctor if you have any unexplained joint pain, especially if it doesn’t go away on its own after a few days. Early detection and diagnosis can allow for effective treatment of the underlying cause of your discomfort.

Epilepsy is a central nervous system (neurological) disorder in which brain activity becomes abnormal, causing seizures or periods of unusual behavior, sensations and sometimes loss of awareness.Anyone can develop epilepsy. Epilepsy affects both males and females of all races, ethnic backgrounds and ages.Seizure symptoms can vary widely. Some people with epilepsy simply stare blankly for a few seconds during a seizure, while others repeatedly twitch their arms or legs. Having a single seizure doesn't mean you have epilepsy. At least two seizures without a known trigger (unprovoked seizures) that happen at least 24 hours apart are generally required for an epilepsy diagnosis.Treatment with medications or sometimes surgery can control seizures for the majority of people with epilepsy. Some people require lifelong treatment to control seizures, but for others, the seizures eventually go away. Some children with epilepsy may outgrow the condition with age.

Symptoms

Because epilepsy is caused by abnormal activity in the brain, seizures can affect any process your brain coordinates. Seizure signs and symptoms may include:

• Temporary confusion
• A staring spell
• Stiff muscles
• Uncontrollable jerking movements of the arms and legs
• Loss of consciousness or awareness
• Psychological symptoms such as fear, anxiety or deja vu

Symptoms vary depending on the type of seizure. In most cases, a person with epilepsy will tend to have the same type of seizure each time, so the symptoms will be similar from episode to episode.

Doctors generally classify seizures as either focal or generalized, based on how and where the abnormal brain activity begins.

Focal seizures

When seizures appear to result from abnormal activity in just one area of your brain, they're called focal seizures. These seizures fall into two categories:

• Focal seizures without loss of consciousness. Once called simple partial seizures, these seizures don't cause a loss of consciousness. They may alter emotions or change the way things look, smell, feel, taste or sound. Some people experience deja vu. This type of seizure may also result in involuntary jerking of one body part, such as an arm or leg, and spontaneous sensory symptoms such as tingling, dizziness and flashing lights.
• Focal seizures with impaired awareness. Once called complex partial seizures, these seizures involve a change or loss of consciousness or awareness. This type of seizure may seem like being in a dream. During a focal seizure with impaired awareness, you may stare into space and not respond normally to your environment or perform repetitive movements, such as hand rubbing, chewing, swallowing or walking in circles.

Symptoms of focal seizures may be confused with other neurological disorders, such as migraine, narcolepsy or mental illness. A thorough examination and testing are needed to distinguish epilepsy from other disorders.

Generalized seizures

Seizures that appear to involve all areas of the brain are called generalized seizures. Six types of generalized seizures exist.

• Absence seizures. Absence seizures, previously known as petit mal seizures, typically occur in children. They're characterized by staring into space with or without subtle body movements such as eye blinking or lip smacking and only last between 5-10 seconds. These seizures may occur in clusters, happening as often as 100 times per day, and cause a brief loss of awareness.
• Tonic seizures. Tonic seizures cause stiff muscles and may affect consciousness. These seizures usually affect muscles in your back, arms and legs and may cause you to fall to the ground.
• Atonic seizures. Atonic seizures, also known as drop seizures, cause a loss of muscle control. Since this most often affects the legs, it often causes you to suddenly collapse or fall down.
• Clonic seizures. Clonic seizures are associated with repeated or rhythmic, jerking muscle movements. These seizures usually affect the neck, face and arms.
• Myoclonic seizures. Myoclonic seizures usually appear as sudden brief jerks or twitches and usually affect the upper body, arms and legs.
• Tonic-clonic seizures. Tonic-clonic seizures, previously known as grand mal seizures, are the most dramatic type of epileptic seizure. They can cause an abrupt loss of consciousness and body stiffening, twitching and shaking. They sometimes cause loss of bladder control or biting your tongue.

When to see a doctor

Seek immediate medical help if any of the following occurs:

• The seizure lasts more than five minutes.
• Breathing or consciousness doesn't return after the seizure stops.
• A second seizure follows immediately.
• You have a high fever.
• You're pregnant.
• You have diabetes.
• You've injured yourself during the seizure.
• You continue to have seizures even though you've been taking anti-seizure medication.

Causes

Epilepsy has no identifiable cause in about half the people with the condition. In the other half, the condition may be traced to various factors, including:

• Genetic influence. Some types of epilepsy, which are categorized by the type of seizure you experience or the part of the brain that is affected, run in families. In these cases, it's likely that there's a genetic influence.

  Researchers have linked some types of epilepsy to specific genes, but for most people, genes are only part of the cause of epilepsy. Certain genes may make a person more sensitive to environmental conditions that trigger seizures.

• Head trauma. Head trauma as a result of a car accident or other traumatic injury can cause epilepsy.
• Brain abnormalities. Abnormalities in the brain, including brain tumors or vascular malformations such as arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) and cavernous malformations, can cause epilepsy. Stroke is a leading cause of epilepsy in adults older than age 35.
• Infections. Meningitis, HIV, viral encephalitis and some parasitic infections can cause epilepsy.
• Prenatal injury. Before birth, babies are sensitive to brain damage that could be caused by several factors, such as an infection in the mother, poor nutrition or oxygen deficiencies. This brain damage can result in epilepsy or cerebral palsy.
• Developmental disorders. Epilepsy can sometimes be associated with developmental disorders, such as autism.

Risk factors

Certain factors may increase your risk of epilepsy:

• Age. The onset of epilepsy is most common in children and older adults, but the condition can occur at any age.
• Family history. If you have a family history of epilepsy, you may be at an increased risk of developing a seizure disorder.
• Head injuries. Head injuries are responsible for some cases of epilepsy. You can reduce your risk by wearing a seat belt while riding in a car and by wearing a helmet while bicycling, skiing, riding a motorcycle or engaging in other activities with a high risk of head injury.
• Stroke and other vascular diseases. Stroke and other blood vessel (vascular) diseases can lead to brain damage that may trigger epilepsy. You can take a number of steps to reduce your risk of these diseases, including limiting your intake of alcohol and avoiding cigarettes, eating a healthy diet, and exercising regularly.
• Dementia. Dementia can increase the risk of epilepsy in older adults.
• Brain infections. Infections such as meningitis, which causes inflammation in your brain or spinal cord, can increase your risk.
• Seizures in childhood. High fevers in childhood can sometimes be associated with seizures. Children who have seizures due to high fevers generally won't develop epilepsy. The risk of epilepsy increases if a child has a long fever-associated seizure, another nervous system condition or a family history of epilepsy.

Complications

Having a seizure at certain times can lead to circumstances that are dangerous to yourself or others.

• Falling. If you fall during a seizure, you can injure your head or break a bone.
• Drowning. If you have epilepsy, you're 13-19 times more likely to drown while swimming or bathing than the rest of the population because of the possibility of having a seizure while in the water.

• Car accidents. A seizure that causes either loss of awareness or control can be dangerous if you're driving a car or operating other equipment.

  Many states have driver's license restrictions related to a driver's ability to control seizures and impose a minimum amount of time that a driver be seizure-free, ranging from months to years, before being allowed to drive.

• Pregnancy complications. Seizures during pregnancy pose dangers to both mother and baby, and certain anti-epileptic medications increase the risk of birth defects. If you have epilepsy and you're considering becoming pregnant, talk to your doctor as you plan your pregnancy.

  Most women with epilepsy can become pregnant and have healthy babies. You'll need to be carefully monitored throughout pregnancy, and medications may need to be adjusted. It's very important that you work with your doctor to plan your pregnancy.

• Emotional health issues. People with epilepsy are more likely to have psychological problems, especially depression, anxiety, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Problems may be a result of difficulties dealing with the condition itself as well as medication side effects, but even people with well-controlled epilepsy are at increased risk.

Other life-threatening complications of epilepsy are uncommon, but may happen, such as:

• Status epilepticus. This condition occurs if you're in a state of continuous seizure activity lasting more than five minutes or if you have frequent recurrent seizures without regaining full consciousness in between them. People with status epilepticus have an increased risk of permanent brain damage and death.

• Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). People with epilepsy also have a small risk of sudden unexpected death. The cause is unknown, but some research shows it may occur due to heart or respiratory conditions.

  People with frequent tonic-clonic seizures or people whose seizures aren't controlled by medications may be at higher risk of SUDEP. Overall, about 1% of people with epilepsy die of SUDEP. It's most common in those with severe epilepsy that doesn't respond to treatment.

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Neurology is the diagnosis and management of diseases affecting the nervous system which includes the brain, spinal cord and all the peripheral nerves. We offer regular outpatient clinic to diagnose and medically manage neurological conditions. Your consultant may work closely with other specialists within the hospital including a Consultant Neurophysiologist if you require specialised testing of the electrical functions of your brain, spinal cord and nerves in the limbs and muscles to help identify the site of the neurological disturbance and its likely cause.

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